The cell body (soma) is the bulbous, central portion of a neuron that contains the nucleus and vital organelles, coordinating cellular functions and maintaining neuronal survival.

Cell Body (Soma)

The cell body, also known as the soma or perikaryon, represents the metabolic center and primary processing unit of the neuron. This distinctive structure serves as the command center where essential cellular functions are coordinated and maintained.

Structure and Components

Core Elements

Nucleus: Houses genetic material and controls cellular activities
endoplasmic reticulum for protein synthesis
mitochondria for energy production
Golgi apparatus for protein processing and distribution
Cytoskeleton elements for structural support

Morphological Features

Typically spherical or pyramidal shape
Size varies from 4-100 micrometers in diameter
Connected to dendrites and axon

Functions

Primary Roles

Metabolic Center
- Protein synthesis and processing
- Energy production
- Cellular maintenance
Integration Hub
- Processes incoming signals from dendrites
- Initiates action potentials
- Coordinates cellular responses
Genetic Control
- Transcription regulation
- Protein expression
- gene expression

Clinical Significance

The health of the cell body is crucial for neuronal survival and function. Disruptions can lead to various neurological disorders:

Research Applications

Understanding cell body function has important implications for:

The cell body maintains continuous communication with its extending processes through axonal transport systems, ensuring the neuron functions as an integrated unit within the broader neural networks.