Interconnected computing systems that enable data exchange and resource sharing through standardized communication protocols and physical/wireless infrastructure.

Computer Networks

Computer networks form the backbone of modern digital communications, enabling everything from local file sharing to global internet connectivity. These systems represent a complex interplay of hardware, software, and protocols designed to facilitate reliable data exchange.

Fundamental Components

Physical Infrastructure

Logical Elements

Network Types

By Geographic Scope

Local Area Networks (LANs)
- Limited geographic area
- High Bandwidth capacity
- Typically within organizations
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
- Spans large geographic areas
- Connects multiple LANs
- Often uses Cloud Computing infrastructure
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
- City-wide coverage
- Intermediate scale
- Fiber Optics common

Key Technologies

Data Transmission

Security Measures

Network Architecture

OSI Model Layers

Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer

Each layer interacts with Network Protocols specific to its function.

Performance Factors

Capacity Metrics

Optimization Techniques

Modern Developments

Emerging Technologies

Future Trends

Challenges and Considerations

Common Issues

Management Aspects

Computer networks continue to evolve with technological advances, forming an increasingly critical infrastructure that supports modern digital society. Understanding their principles and operations is essential for maintaining efficient and secure communication systems.