Cortisol
A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands that regulates stress response, metabolism, and immune function, often called the "stress hormone."
Cortisol
Cortisol is a vital steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress and various physiological demands. As the primary glucocorticoid in humans, it plays a crucial role in numerous bodily functions and maintains homeostasis through complex feedback mechanisms.
Production and Regulation
The synthesis and release of cortisol follows a distinct circadian rhythm, with levels typically highest in the early morning and lowest around midnight. This process is regulated by the:
Primary Functions
Stress Response
As the primary stress hormone, cortisol initiates the "fight-or-flight" response by:
- Increasing blood glucose availability
- Enhancing brain function and alertness
- Modulating immune system activity
- Reducing non-essential bodily functions
Metabolic Regulation
Cortisol significantly influences metabolism through:
- Gluconeogenesis
- Protein metabolism
- Fat metabolism
- Blood pressure regulation
Clinical Significance
Disorders
Abnormal cortisol levels can lead to various conditions:
- Cushing's Syndrome (excess cortisol)
- Addison's Disease (cortisol deficiency)
- Adrenal Fatigue
Measurement and Testing
Cortisol levels can be measured through:
- Blood tests (most common)
- Salivary Cortisol Testing
- Urinary Free Cortisol
Impact on Health
Physical Health
Chronic elevation of cortisol can affect:
Mental Health
Cortisol significantly influences:
Lifestyle Factors
Several factors influence cortisol levels:
Research Directions
Current research focuses on:
- Role in Chronic Stress
- Connection to Autoimmune Disorders
- Impact on Aging
- Relationship with Mental Health
The understanding of cortisol's complex role in human physiology continues to evolve, making it a crucial area of study in endocrinology, psychology, and related fields.